
Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo

Frogs of Borneo
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Limnonectes ingeri
Limnonectes ingeri tadpoles inhabit quiet side pools, water-filled potholes in stream beds, pools along river banks of lowland streams, and calm sections of forest streams. Tadpoles are benthic and remain close to the bottom. Their coloration allows them to blend well with the substrate of the pool. Tadpoles are sometimes found in association with Rhacophorus pardalis.
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Family:Dicroglossidae
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Genus:Limnonectes
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Ecomorph:benthic, exotrophic
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Waterbody Type:stagnant
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Water Column:bottom
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Feeding Type:feeding, generalist
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Size:35 mm
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Development:larva, tadpole
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Adult:Limnonectes
Coloration
Sandy brown to mid-brown dorsally, with irregular, blurred marbling; densely dusted with iridocytes above. At high magnification, vermiculate melanocytes are visible dorsally. One or two dark blotches mark the trunk-tail junction dorsally. Flanks darker than the dorsum, marbled. Three diffuse dark areas present on the sides of the head: a dark streak from the eye to the oral disc, a dark patch below the eye, and one posterior to the eye. On the lower head and lower flanks, dense iridocytes break up into irregular, cloudy patches. Ventral skin mostly unpigmented and transparent, bearing scattered iridocytes in the gill and abdominal regions; gills and gut coil visible. Body coloration continues onto the dorsal surface of the tail and fades distally. A distinct series of more or less sharply defined dark blotches marks the lateral side of the muscular portion of the tail. Numerous distinct rosette-like white clusters of iridocytes cover the tail and tail fins.
Snout
Smoothly arched in dorsal view, bluntly rounded, not distinctly tapering. Snout moderately long. Oral disc does not project beyond the snout in dorsal view.
Oral Disc
Moderately large, approximately 30% of head width, anteroventral in orientation, not projecting beyond the snout contour in dorsal view. An emargination separates the upper from the lower lip. Oral disc with marginal papillae except for a wide gap in the upper lip and a narrower gap in the lower lip. Marginal papillae large and few in number, arranged in a staggered pattern on the lower lip, appearing as a double row. Submarginal papillae absent. LTRF 1/3(1–2) or 1/3(1). Beaks thin, highly keratinized but low; edges with fine serrations. Upper beak shallowly convex medially and concavely arched laterally; lower jaw sheath forming a flat, wide V.
Body
Head wider than trunk; widest point of the body at the gill region of the head. Anterior head contour smoothly rounded in dorsal view. Body dorsoventrally depressed. Spiracle sinistral, opening posteriorly; medial rim of the spiracular orifice free from the body wall, forming a short free tube. Spiracle located at mid-body level in lateral view. Lateral line organs indistinct.
Eyes & Nostrils
Eyes dorsolateral, relatively widely spaced. Nostril oriented anterolaterally, closer to the snout than to the eye, well developed but difficult to see. Nostril rim without a distinct projection. Iris black, dotted with golden iridocytes. Iridocytes form an almost complete ring around the pupil, with small gaps dorsally and ventrally; less dense stippling in the anterior, posterior, upper, and lower sectors produces a radial iris pattern.
Tail
Long, up to approximately 70% of total length. Muscular portion of tail moderately strong. In dorsal view, tail muscle less than half of maximum trunk width; in lateral view, slightly lower than trunk. Upper fin originates slightly posterior to the trunk-tail junction, at approximately 57% of tail length. Upper fin higher than lower fin and moderately arched. In the posterior fourth of the tail, fins converge into an acute tip, giving the tail an elegant, lanceolate shape. Maximum tail height at mid-tail level or slightly posterior. Lateral tail vein obscured by pigmentation; tail myosepta indistinct.
Similar Species
The tadpole of L. ingeri is most similar to those of L. malesianus and L. paramacrodon. All exhibit distinct blotches along the tail, radial iris patterns, dense rosette-like iridocyte patterns on the tail, and a similar fin shape. Limnonectes malesianus, L. paramacrodon, L. leporinus, and L. ingeri share the presence of a single keratodont row on the upper lip.
Literature
Details of egg laying, nesting site and early development remain unknown for this species.
Inger, R.F. (1985) Tadpoles of the forested regions of Borneo. Fieldiana Zoology new series 26: 1–89.
Inger, R.F. (2009) Contributions to the natural history of seven species of Bornean frogs. Fieldiana Zoology 116: 1–25.
Inger, R.F. (2009) Contributions to the natural history of seven species of Bornean frogs. Fieldiana Zoology 116: 1–25.