Duttaphrynus melanostictus is very common throughout the Sunda region, although it was originally described from “India orientali.” In contrast to all other toads occurring on Borneo, this species does not inhabit forested environments but instead prefers open habitats associated with human activity, such as agricultural land, rural settlements, and urban or suburban areas.

Adult males reach 60–80 mm in snout–vent length, while females are slightly larger.

The species is stocky and easily recognized by its prominent black cranial crests and dark warts. The head is relatively high and heavily ossified. Large poison glands (parotoid glands) are present behind the eyes. The tympanum is distinct and clearly visible. The skin is rough and often rather dry, and is covered with warts and tubercles of varying size. The toes are webbed, and the digits do not terminate in adhesive pads.

Body coloration is variable throughout the species’ range and usually consists of different shades of brown, often without distinct dorsal markings. Males may have an orange or darkly pigmented throat. The ventral surface is grayish cream with irregular dark markings.

Duttaphrynus melanostictus breeds in temporary ditches, pools, and puddles, typically following heavy rainfall. Eggs are deposited in long gelatinous strings.

The tadpoles are small, reaching less than 25 mm in total length, and are uniformly black. In the open habitat types used by this species, their tadpoles are distinctive and unlikely to be confused with those of other frogs or toads.